Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science
Periódico de Acesso Aberto
Scopus CiteScore 2024
4.8
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
SJR 2024
0.31
Powered by scimagojr.com
Periódico de Acesso Aberto
4.8
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
0.31
Powered by scimagojr.com
https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.185
Sri Elfina
Kamisah Delilawati Pandiangan
Novesar Jamarun
Fejri Subriadi
Hafnimardiyanti Hafnimardiyanti
Roswita Roswita
In this study, CaO/SiO2 composites were prepared from rice husk silica (RH-SiO2) and limestone from a local company. The composites with different mass ratios of CaO to SiO2 (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:5, and 1:10) were synthesized using the sol-gel technique and characterized using XRF, XRD, and SEM. The composites were then used as catalysts for the transesterification of palm oil, with the main purpose to investigate the effect of catalyst compositions on the percentage of conversion of the oil. The results of XRD and SEM confirm the existence of RH-SiO2 as an amorphous material, and CaO as crystalline material, while the composites are a mixture of amorphous and crystalline phases. The catalysts were then used in transesterification experiments and the percentage of oil conversion was calculated. To confirm the successful conversion of palm oil into fatty acid methyl esters, the products of the reactions were analyzed using GC-MS. The experimental results demonstrated that the composites prepared exhibit catalytic activity, with the highest conversion (60%) achieved using the catalyst with the CaO to SiO2 ratio of 1:3.
[1] S. Kour and W. K. Balwan. (2021). "A Systematic Review of Biofuels: The Cleaner Energy for Cleaner Environment". Indian Journal of Scientific Research. 12 (1): 1– 9. 10.32606/ijsr.V12.I1.00025.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32606/IJSR.V12.I1.00025[2] I. Chandra Setiawan, Indarto, and Deendarlianto. (2021). "Quantitative analysis of automobile sector in Indonesian automotive roadmap for achieving national oil and CO2 emission reduction targets by 2030". Energy Policy. 150 : 1–14. 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112135.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112135[3] B. Thangaraj, P. R. Solomon, B. Muniyandi, S. Ranganathan, and L. Lin. (2019). "Catalysis in biodiesel production—a review". Clean Energy. 3 (1): 2-23. 10.1093/ce/zky020.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zky020[4] A. K. Endalew, Y. Kiros, and R. Zanzi. (2011). "Heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil (JCO)". Energy. 36 (5): 2693-2700. 10.1016/j.energy.2011.02.010.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.02.010[5] C. A. Colombo, L. H. Chorfi Berton, B. G. Diaz, and R. A. Ferrari. (2017). "Macauba: a promising tropical palm for the production of vegetable oil". Ocl. 25 (1): 1–9. 10.1051/ocl/2017038.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2017038[6] A. A. Ayoola, O. S. I. Fayomi, O. A. Adeeyo, J. O. Omodara, O. Adegbite, and M. Kunelbayev. (2019). "Impact assessment of biodiesel production using CaO catalyst obtained from two different sources". Cogent Engineering.6 (1): 1–12. 10.1080/23311916.2019.1615198.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2019.1615198[7] R. Djayasinga, A. Setiawan, A. Purnomo, A. Z. Amien, and H. Hartanti. (2022). "Utilization of Breed Chicken Eggshells for Biodiesel Preparation from Waste Cooking Oil". Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science. 2 (1): 41-46. 10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.90.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.90[8] G. Chen, R. Shan, S. Li, and J. Shi. (2015). "A biomimetic silicification approach to synthesize CaO–SiO 2 catalyst for the transesterification of palm oil into biodiesel". Fuel. 153 : 48-55. 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.109.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.109[9] S. N. M. Khazaai, S. Yiting, M. H. A. Rahim, M. L. Ibrahim, and G. P. Maniam. (2021). "Application of Waste Catalyst, CaO-SiO2 in the Transesterification of Palm Oil". Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences. 25 (3): 490–493.
[10] K. D. Pandiangan, W. Simanjuntak, M. Rilyanti, N. Jamarun, and S. Arief. (2017). "Influence of Kinetic Variables on Rubber Seed Oil Transesterification Using Bifunctional Catalyst CaO-MgO/SiO2". Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 33 (6): 2891-2898. 10.13005/ojc/330623.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/330623[11] E. S. Umdu, M. Tuncer, and E. Seker. (2009). "Transesterification of Nannochloropsis oculata microalga's lipid to biodiesel on Al2O3 supported CaO and MgO catalysts". Bioresource Technology. 100 (11): 2828-31. 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.027.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.027[12] G. Moradi, M. Mohadesi, R. Rezaei, and R. Moradi. (2015). "Biodiesel Production using CaO/γ-Al2O3Catalyst Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method". The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 93 (9): 1531-1538. 10.1002/cjce.22258.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.22258[13] H. Wu, J. Zhang, Q. Wei, J. Zheng, and J. Zhang. (2013). "Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using zeolite supported CaO as strong base catalysts". Fuel Processing Technology. 109 (13–18): 13-18. 10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.09.032.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.09.032[14] P. Mierczynski, L. Szkudlarek, K. Chalupka, W. Maniukiewicz, S. K. Wahono, K. Vasilev, and M. I. Szynkowska-Jozwik. (2021). "The Effect of the Activation Process and Metal Oxide Addition (CaO, MgO, SrO) on the Catalytic and Physicochemical Properties of Natural Zeolite in Transesterification Reaction". Materials (Basel).14 (9). 10.3390/ma14092415.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092415[15] X. Liu, S. Xing, L. Yang, J. Fu, P. Lv, X. Zhang, M. Li, and Z. Wang. (2021). "Highly active and durable Ca-based solid base catalyst for biodiesel production". Fuel. 302 (121094): 1–11. 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121094.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121094[16] N. Viriya-Empikul, P. Krasae, B. Puttasawat, B. Yoosuk, N. Chollacoop, and K. Faungnawakij. (2010). "Waste shells of mollusk and egg as biodiesel production catalysts". Bioresource Technology. 101 (10): 3765-7. 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.079.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.079[17] K. D. Pandiangan, W. Simanjuntak, S. Hadi, I. Ilim, and H. Amrulloh. (2021). "Physical characteristics and utilization of ZSM-5 prepared from rice husk silica and aluminum hydroxide as catalyst for transesterification of Ricinus communis oil". Materials Research Express. 8 (6): 1–12. 10.1088/2053-1591/ac0365.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac0365[18] N. S. Zainal, Z. Mohamad, M. S. Mustapa, N. A. Badarulzaman, M. I. Masirin, and Z. A. S. A. Salim. (2018). "Study of Characteristics of Rice Husk and Silica Obtained from Rice Husk". International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications. 9 (5): 158-162. 10.18178/ijcea.2018.9.5.718.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2018.9.5.718[19] M. Kouzu, T. Kasuno, M. Tajika, Y. Sugimoto, S. Yamanaka, and J. Hidaka. (2008). "Calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil and its application to biodiesel production". Fuel. 87 (12): 2798-2806. 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.10.019.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.10.019[20] A. E. Ramírez Sanabria, L. L. López, and M. I. Orozco. (2020). "Optimización del proceso de transesterificación del aceite de palma usando la técnica basada en Ultrasonido". Ciencia en Desarrollo. 11 (2): 151-157. 10.19053/01217488.v11.n2.2020.11142.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.19053/01217488.v11.n2.2020.11142[21] F. Ishola, D. Adelekan, A. Mamudu, T. Abodunrin, A. Aworinde, O. Olatunji, and S. Akinlabi. (2020). "Biodiesel production from palm olein: A sustainable bioresource for Nigeria". Heliyon. 6 (4): e03725. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03725.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03725