Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science
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https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.377
Bujaningrum Ega Agustina
Berna Elya
Roshamur Cahyan Forestrania
Husniati Husniati
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) is widely used in Southeast Asia, and vein-color phenotypes (red, white, green) are traditionally and commercially associated with different intended uses and perceived effects. Although phytochemical variation among kratom products has been reported, direct comparison of Kalimantan vein-color phenotypes that links standardized alkaloid metrics to a defined anti-inflammatory enzyme target remains limited. Since 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) contributes to the formation of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators and is implicated in chronic inflammatory conditions, its inhibition provides a relevant biochemical endpoint to screen anti-inflammatory potential. This study characterized the alkaloid profiles and mitragynine content of red-, white-, and green-vein kratom leaves from Kalimantan and evaluated their in vitro 15-LOX inhibitory activity. GC–MS and LC–HRMS indicated broadly similar alkaloid fingerprints across phenotypes, dominated by mitragynine with accompanying constituents, including 7-hydroxymitragynine, paynantheine and the speciogynine/speciociliatine isomeric pair. Mitragynine content in crude methanolic extracts ranged from 22.96 ± 0.24 to 43.87 ± 0.96 mg g⁻¹ extract (white > green > red; p < 0.0001), whereas alkaloid extracts contained 177.44 ± 0.70 to 258.21 ± 1.00 mg g⁻¹ extract (red > green > white; p < 0.0001). In the 15-LOX assay, baicalein showed the strongest inhibition (IC₅₀ = 9.72 ± 0.07 µg mL⁻¹), followed by mitragynine (28.38 ± 0.39 µg mL⁻¹) and alkaloid extracts (red: 53.01 ± 0.39; green: 56.29 ± 0.79; white: 59.91 ± 0.92 µg mL⁻¹), while crude methanolic extracts exhibited weak activity (IC₅₀ > 100 µg mL⁻¹). Overall, Kalimantan vein-color phenotypes share a common monoterpenoid indole alkaloid core profile but differ quantitatively in mitragynine levels and 15-LOX inhibitory potency, supporting further mechanistic and translational investigations.
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