Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science
##plugins.themes.gdThemes.journalSlogan##
Scopus CiteScore 2025
2.1
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
SJR 2025
0.25
Powered by scimagojr.com
##plugins.themes.gdThemes.journalSlogan##
2.1
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
0.25
Powered by scimagojr.com
https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.435
Adiansyah Adiansyah
Tamrin Tamrin
Marpongahtun Marpongahtun
Sovia Lenny
Lua Shun Kuang
Ronn Goei
Bendo latex–based polyurethane (BD–PU) adhesive demonstrates strong potential as a bio-based modifier for improving asphalt performance and providing a sustainable alternative to petroleum-derived polymers. The novelty of this study lies in the utilization of bendo latex as a locally sourced renewable feedstock for polyurethane synthesis and its direct application as an asphalt modifier, which remains largely unexplored compared to conventional petroleum-based or partially bio-based polyurethane systems. In this work, bendo latex was converted into polyol via controlled condensation and addition reactions, followed by blending with polyethylene glycol (PEG 1000) and reaction with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) to produce BD–PU adhesive. The synthesized polyurethane exhibited mechanical properties comparable to conventional isocyanate-based polymers, confirming its suitability for asphalt modification. At the optimum BD–PU content of 20 wt%, the modified asphalt demonstrated a Marshall stability of 27.6 kN, a flow value of 4.5 mm, and a stiffness of 6.5 kN/mm. It represents a significant improvement over the control asphalt, with a 75% increase in Marshall stability and an 85% enhancement in stiffness, indicating markedly improved resistance to permanent deformation. These improvements are attributed to the formation of a crosslinked polyurethane network that enhances interfacial bonding between asphalt and aggregates, resulting in improved load distribution and structural integrity. Compared to previously reported polyurethane-modified asphalt systems, this study offers a key contribution by (i) introducing a fully bio-based polyol derived from bendo latex, (ii) demonstrating competitive or superior mechanical performance, and (iii) promoting the use of locally available renewable resources for sustainable infrastructure materials. Overall, the findings highlight the significant potential of BD–PU as an eco-friendly and high-performance asphalt modifier, supporting the development of more durable and sustainable road construction materials.
[1] L. C. Rusu, L. C. Ardelean, A. A. Jitariu, C. A. Miu, and C. G. Streian. (2020). "An Insight into the Structural Diversity and Clinical Applicability of Polyurethanes in Biomedicine". Polymers. 12 (5). 10.3390/polym12051197.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051197[2] H. Olcay, E. D. Kocak, and Z. Yıldız. (2020). In: "Sustainability in the Textile and Apparel Industries: Sourcing Synthetic and Novel Alternative Raw Materials". Cham: Springer International Publishing. 139–156. 10.1007/978-3-030-38013-7_7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38013-7_7[3] C. Wang, S. Huang, Q. Chen, X. Ji, and K. Duan. (2023). "Materials, Preparation, Performances and Mechanism of Polyurethane Modified Asphalt and Its Mixture: A Systematic Review". Journal of Road Engineering. 3 (1): 16–34. 10.1016/j.jreng.2023.01.002.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jreng.2023.01.002[4] I. Musthapa, L. D. Juliawaty, Y. M. Syah, E. H. Hakim, J. Latip, and E. L. Ghisalberti. (2009). "An Oxepinoflavone from Artocarpus elasticus with Cytotoxic Activity Against P-388 Cells". Archives of Pharmacal Research. 32 (2): 191–194. 10.1007/s12272-009-1134-0.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-009-1134-0[5] N. As'ari, T. I. Sulistiyowati, P. R. Primandiri, and A. M. Santoso. (2022). "Etnobotani Tanaman Bendo (Artocarpus elasticus Reinw.) di Kecamatan Pare Kabupaten Kediri".
[6] X. Pan and Y. Tian. (2022). "Bio-Based Polyurethane Reactive Hot-Melt Adhesives Derived From". Chemical Engineering Science. 2 (1): 1–13. 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118152.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2022.118152[7] B. Han, Y. Xing, and C. Li. (2025). "Effect of Bio-Based Polyurethanes on Matrix Asphalt". Construction and Building Materials. 494 : 143371. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143371.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143371[8] F. Armanasco, S. D'Hers, and L. M. Chiacchiarelli. (2022). "Kinetic and Chemorheological Modeling of Thermosetting Polyurethanes Obtained from an Epoxidized Soybean Oil Polyol Crosslinked with Glycerin". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (47). 10.1002/app.53194.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.53194[9] X. Luo, F. Muttaqin, and Y. Zhang. (2024). "Investigating Non-Petroleum-Based Biodegradable Polymers as Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Materials in Asphalt Modification: A Review on Natural Rubbers and Natural Oils". Journal of Cleaner Production. 436 : 140483. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140483.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140483[10] M. H. Shantaram, F. K. Ratilal, R. B. Kiran, K. P. Bhalchandra, P. R. Badgujar, S. Y. Sonawane, J. P. Bhadane, and N. R. Borase. (2024). "Performance Analysis of an Asphalt Mix". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology. 12 (11): 362–367. 10.22214/ijraset.2024.65067.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.65067[11] Y. Gao, Z. Hao, X. Zhang, D. Wang, F. Li, and Z. Zhao. (2023). "Interaction, Rheological and Physicochemical Properties of Emulsified Asphalt Binders with Direct Coal Liquefaction Residue Based Geopolymers". Construction and Building Materials. 384 : 131444. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131444.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131444[12] Z. Li, X. Zhang, F. Liu, J. Su, Q. Zhao, and L. Liu. (2024). "Effect of Replacement of Limestone Mineral Powder with Fly Ash and Direct Coal Liquefaction Residue on the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Mastic". Construction and Building Materials. 412 : 134803. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134803.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134803[13] Y. L. Uscátegui, L. E. Díaz, J. A. Gómez-Tejedor, A. Vallés-Lluch, G. Vilariño-Feltrer, M. A. Serrano, and M. F. Valero. (2019). "Candidate Polyurethanes Based on Castor Oil (Ricinus communis), with Polycaprolactone Diol and Chitosan Additions, for Use in Biomedical Applications". Molecules. 24 (2): 237. 10.3390/molecules24020237.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020237[14] O. Ramos‐Martínez, E. González-Cruz, M. Calderon-Santoyo, and J. Ragazzo-Sanchez. (2022). "Polyisoprenes Obtained from Jackfruit Latex (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.): Extraction and Characterization". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 : 52392. 10.1002/app.52392.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.52392[15] I. Kamar, N. Za, M. Meriatna, S. Bahri, R. Nurlaila, and A. Alifnur. (2023). "Pembuatan Briket dari Kulit Jagung Menggunakan Perekat Getah Nangka dan Pulut". Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Unimal. 12 (1): 66–73. 10.29103/jtku.v12i1.11633.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29103/jtku.v12i1.11633[16] U. Cabulis and A. Ivdre. (2023). "Recent Developments in the Sustainability of the Production of Polyurethane Foams from Polyols Based on the First- to the Fourth-Generation of Biomass Feedstock". Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. 10.1016/j.cogsc.2023.100866.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2023.100866[17] G. Y. Li and J. L. Koenig. (2005). "A Review of Rubber Oxidation". Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 78 (3): 355–390. 10.5254/1.3547889.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3547888[18] M. H. Tran and E. Y. Lee. (2023). "Production of Polyols and Polyurethane from Biomass: A Review". Environmental Chemistry Letters. 21 (4): 2199–2223. 10.1007/s10311-023-01592-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01592-4[19] Y. Li and L. Li. (2019). "Mass Accuracy Check Using Common Background Peaks for Improving Metabolome Data Quality in Chemical Isotope Labeling LC-MS". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 30 (9): 1733–1741. 10.1007/s13361-019-02248-w.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-019-02248-w[20] R. Maghfiroh and E. Ahyudanari. (2023). "Peningkatan Performasi Aspal Penetrasi 60/70 dengan Penambahan Serbuk Limbah UPVC". Jurnal Aplikasi Teknik Sipil. 21 (1): 107. 10.12962/j2579-891X.v21i1.15994.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12962/j2579-891X.v21i1.15994[21] A. Ramadhan and A. Kinasih. (2015). "Peningkatan Titik Lembek Aspal Termodifikasi Menggunakan Block Skim Rubber (BSR) Terdepolimerisasi". Indonesian Journal of Natural Rubber Research. 33 (2): 203–210. 10.22302/jpk.v33i2.185.
[22] O. Yendri and W. Septiandi. (2023). "Kajian Kemampuan Campuran Aspal-Beton (AC-BC) dengan Asbuton Cair yang Diisi dengan Serpihan HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)". Jurnal Teknik Gradien. 15 (1): 9–19. 10.47329/teknik_gradien.v15i01.1011.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47329/teknik_gradien.v15i01.1011[23] M. M. Jaleel, M. Albdairi, and A. Almusawi. (2025). "Marshall-Based Thermal Performance Analysis of Conventional and Polymer-Modified Asphalt Binders". Construction Materials. 5 (2). 10.3390/constrmater5020040.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater5020040[24] C. Hettiarachchi, X. Hou, J. Wang, and F. Xiao. (2019). "A Comprehensive Review on the Utilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Material with Warm Mix Asphalt Technology". Construction and Building Materials. 227 : 117096. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117096.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117096[25] R. Andler, A. L. Altenhoff, F. Mäsing, and A. Steinbüchel. (2018). "In Vitro Studies on the Degradation of Poly(cis-1,4-isoprene)". Biotechnology Progress. 34 (4): 890–899. 10.1002/btpr.2631.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.2631[26] Adiansyah, Tamrin, Marpongahtun, and S. Lenny. (2025). "Preparation of Polyurethane from Bendo Tree Sap (Artocarpus elasticus Reinw) Based Polyol and Its Potential as Adhesive". South African Journal of Chemical Engineering. 53 : 153–157. 10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.008.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.008[27] J. Chen, X. Ma, H. Wang, P. Xie, and W. Huang. (2018). "Experimental Study on Anti-Icing and Deicing Performance of Polyurethane Concrete as Road Surface Layer". Construction and Building Materials. 161 : 598–605. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.170.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.170[28] B. Adzan, P. Sukaryo, and A. Widayanti. (2025). "Karakteristik Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) dan Material Lainnya pada Lapisan Asphalt Concrete Base Course (AC-BASE)". Jurnal Media Publikasi Terapan Transportasi. 3 (1): 70–77. 10.26740/mitrans.v3n1.p70-77.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26740/mitrans.v3n1.p70-77[29] M. Motamedi, G. Shafabakhsh, and M. Azadi. (2021). "Evaluation of Fatigue and Rutting Properties of Asphalt Binder and Mastic Modified by Synthesized Polyurethane". Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition). 8 (6): 1036–1048. 10.1016/j.jtte.2020.05.006.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2020.05.006[30] A. Ramadhan and N. A. Kinasih. (2015). "Peningkatan Titik Lembek Aspal Termodifikasi Menggunakan Block Skim Rubber (BSR) Terdepolimerisasi". Indonesian Journal of Natural Rubber Research. 33 (2): 203–210. 10.22302/jpk.v33i2.185.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22302/jpk.v33i2.185[31] M. A. Haddad and T. S. Khedaywi. (2023). "Moisture Resistance of Olive Husk Ash Modified Asphalt Mixtures". Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux. 47 (3): 141–149. 10.18280/acsm.470303.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18280/acsm.470303[32] S. Tapkın, A. Çevik, and Ü. Uşar. (2010). "Prediction of Marshall Test Results for Polypropylene Modified Dense Bituminous Mixtures Using Neural Networks". Expert Systems with Applications. 37 (6): 4660–4670. 10.1016/j.eswa.2009.12.042.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2009.12.042[33] S. W. Anwar. (2014). "Studies on Marshall and Modified Marshall Specimens by Using CRMB". International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research. 3 (4).
[34] S. M. Maulida, U. A. Pratama, R. M. Yusputri, A. Rahmad, A. Putri, Y. Darma, and S. M. Saleh. (2025). Influence of flakiness and elongation index compliance on Marshall parameters in asphalt mixtures. Smart and Green Materials. 2 (1): 62–70. 10.70028/sgm.v2i1.41.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.70028/sgm.v2i1.41[35] B. Hong, G. Lu, T. Li, J. Lin, D. Wang, D. Liang, and M. Oeser. (2021). "Gene-Editable Materials for Future Transportation Infrastructure: A Review for Polyurethane-Based Pavement". Journal of Infrastructure Preservation and Resilience. 2 (1). 10.1186/s43065-021-00039-w.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43065-021-00039-w[36] M. A. Safuan, S. K. Ong, M. N. Solehah, D. A. Ibrahim, and A. S. Hashim. (2022). "Preliminary Study on Polyisoprene-Modified Natural Rubber via In-Situ Polymerization of Isoprene in Deproteinized Natural Rubber Latex". Materials Today: Proceedings. 66 : 2962–2966. 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.567.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.567[37] V. S. Kumar and N. Ganesan. (2020). "The Influence of Curing Methods on Marshall Stability and Flow". 10.1088/1757-899X/671/1/012132.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/671/1/012132[38] F. Xue, W. L. Zhao, and Y. L. Cui. (2015). "Strength Characteristics of Polyurethane Macadam Mixture". Henan Building Materials. 4 : 43–48.
