Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science
Open Access Journal
Scopus CiteScore 2024
4.8
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
SJR 2024
0.31
Powered by scimagojr.com
Open Access Journal
4.8
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
0.31
Powered by scimagojr.com
https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.245
Hardani Hardani
Ho Soonmin
Khaerus Syahidi
Alpi Zaidah
Sulistiyana Sulistiyana
Alpiana Hidayatulloh
Ahmad Fudholi
Lily Maysari Angraini
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are photoelectrochemical, alternative energy source devices that convert light energy into electricity. In this study, DSSC with various concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mM) of N719 dye have been successfully prepared using simple steps. The X-ray diffraction results of the TiO2 film showed that it is polycrystalline with an anatase phase (tetragonal system) having a crystallite size of about 20 nm. The absorbance spectrum of the TiO2 film and N719 dye at various concentrations was recorded by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The bandgap energy of the TiO2 film calculated by Tauc’s formula was ~3.1 eV. The DSSC prepared using the N719 dye concentration of 1 mM achieved the highest conversion efficiency (η) of 0.298 %, respectively. Subsequently, the enhancement in efficiency was ~86 % compared with the conversion efficiency of DSSC prepared with an N719 dye concentration of 0.1 and 0.5 mM.
[1] K. Guo, M. Li, X. Fang, X. Liu, B. Sebo, Y. Zhu, Z. Hu, and X. Zhao. (2013). "Preparation and enhanced properties of dye-sensitized solar cells by surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles in nanocomposite photoanode". Journal of Power Sources. 230: 155-160. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.079.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.079[2] F. H. Alharbi and S. Kais. (2015). "Theoretical limits of photovoltaics efficiency and possible improvements by intuitive approaches learned from photosynthesis and quantum coherence". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 43: 1073-1089. 10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.101.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.101[3] M. Y. A. Rahman, A. A. Umar, L. Roza, and M. M. Salleh. (2014). "Effect of organic dye on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cell utilizing TiO2 nanostructure films synthesized via CTAB-assisted liquid phase deposition technique". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 50 (11): 1072-1076. 10.1134/s1023193514080114.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193514080114[4] M. Grätzel. (2005). "Photovoltaic performance and long-term stability of dye-sensitized mesoscopic solar cells". Comptes Rendus Chimie. 9 (5-6): 578-583. 10.1016/j.crci.2005.06.037.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2005.06.037[5] H. Hardani, H. Darmaja, M. I. Darmawan, C. Cari, and A. Supriyanto. (2016). "Pengaruh Perubahan Intensitas Cahaya Halogen Ruthenium (N719) Fotosensitizer Dalam Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell(Dssc)". Jurnal Penelitian Fisika dan Aplikasinya (JPFA). 6 (2). 10.26740/jpfa.v6n2.p70-76.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26740/jpfa.v6n2.p70-76[6] Y.-F. Wang, K.-N. Li, W.-Q. Wu, Y.-F. Xu, H.-Y. Chen, C.-Y. Su, and D.-B. Kuang. (2013). "Fabrication of a double layered photoanode consisting of SnO2 nanofibers and nanoparticles for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells". RSC Advances. 3 (33). 10.1039/c3ra41839a.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra41839a[7] H. Soonmin, Hardani, P. Nandi, B. S. Mwankemwa, T. D. Malevu, and M. I. Malik. (2023). "Overview on Different Types of Solar Cells: An Update". Applied Sciences. 13 (4). 10.3390/app13042051.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042051[8] A. B. Omotoso and A. O. Omotayo. (2023). "The interplay between agriculture, greenhouse gases, and climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa". Regional Environmental Change. 24 (1). 10.1007/s10113-023-02159-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-023-02159-3[9] M. Khaleel, Z. Yusupov, N. Alderoubi, R. L. Abdul_jabbar, M. Elmnifi, Y. Nassar, H. S. Majdi, L. J. Habeeb, and S. Abulifa. (2024). "Evolution of Emissions: The Role of Clean Energy in Sustainable Development". Challenges in Sustainability. 12 (2): 122-135. 10.56578/cis120203.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56578/cis120203[10] S. I. Seneviratne, X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. D. Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S. M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, B. Zhou, and R. Allan. (2023). In: "Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis, ch. 11". 1513-1766. 10.1017/9781009157896.013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.013[11] N. Butt, H. L. Beyer, J. R. Bennett, D. Biggs, R. Maggini, M. Mills, A. R. Renwick, L. M. Seabrook, and H. P. Possingham. (2013). "Conservation. Biodiversity risks from fossil fuel extraction". Science. 342 (6157): 425-6. 10.1126/science.1237261.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1237261[12] I. Manisalidis, E. Stavropoulou, A. Stavropoulos, and E. Bezirtzoglou. (2020). "Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review". Frontiers in Public Health. 8: 14. 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014[13] R. Hood. (2005). In: "A Companion to Applied Ethics". 674-684. 10.1002/9780470996621.ch50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996621.ch50[14] A. I.Hassan and H. M.Saleh. (2024). "The challenges of sustainable energy transition: A focus on renewable energy". Applied Chemical Engineering. 7 (2). 10.59429/ace.v7i2.2084.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/ace.v7i2.2084[15] C.-Y. Cai, S.-K. Tseng, M. Kuo, K.-Y. Andrew Lin, H. Yang, and R.-H. Lee. (2015). "Photovoltaic performance of a N719 dye based dye-sensitized solar cell with transparent macroporous anti-ultraviolet photonic crystal coatings". RSC Advances. 5 (124): 102803-102810. 10.1039/c5ra21194h.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA21194H[16] K. Sharma, V. Sharma, and S. S. Sharma. (2018). "Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Fundamentals and Current Status". Nanoscale Research Letters. 13 (1): 381. 10.1186/s11671-018-2760-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2760-6[17] N. A. Bakr, A. K. Ali, A. K. Ali, S. M. Jassim, and K. I. Hasoon. (2017). "Effect of N719 dye concentration on the Conversion Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)". Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 29 (s4). 10.21271/ZJPAS.29.s4.31.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.29.s4.31[18] J. Zhang, N. Vlachopoulos, M. Jouini, M. B. Johansson, X. Zhang, M. K. Nazeeruddin, G. Boschloo, E. M. J. Johansson, and A. Hagfeldt. (2016). "Efficient solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells: The influence of dye molecular structures for the in-situ photoelectrochemically polymerized PEDOT as hole transporting material". Nano Energy. 19: 455-470. 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.09.010.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.09.010[19] Hardani, Cari, and A. Supriyanto. (2018). "Efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) improvement as a light party TiO2-nano particle with extract pigment mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana)". 10.1063/1.5054406.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5054406[20] F. Li, Y. Chen, X. Zong, W. Qiao, H. Fan, M. Liang, and S. Xue. (2016). "New benzothiadiazole-based dyes incorporating dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole (DTP) π-linker for dye-sensitized solar cells with different electrolytes". Journal of Power Sources. 332: 345-354. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.141.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.141[21] M. Aliofkhazraei.(2015)." Handbook of Nanoparticles. 10.1007/978-3-319-13188-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13188-7[22] D. Wei. (2010). "Dye-sensitized solar cells". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 11 (3): 1103-13. 10.3390/ijms11031103.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11031103[23] R. A. Afre, K. Y. Ryu, W. S. Shin, and D. Pugliese. (2024). "Comparative Study of Quasi-Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Z907, N719, Photoactive Phenothiazine Dyes and PVDF-HFP Gel Polymer Electrolytes with Different Molecular Weights". Photonics. 11 (8). 10.3390/photonics11080760.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11080760[24] A. K. N. M. Yusuf, S. Mustafar, M. L. Borines, E. N. Kusumawati, and N. Hashim. (2021). "Versatility of Photosensitizers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)". Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry. 12 (6): 8543-8560. 10.33263/briac126.85438560.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC126.85438560[25] H. Tian and L. Sun. (2011). "Iodine-free redox couples for dye-sensitized solar cells". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 21 (29). 10.1039/c1jm10598a.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm10598a[26] M. R. Karim, M. A. Shar, and S. Abdullah. (2019). "Mixed Dyes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Applications". Current Nanoscience. >15 (5): 501-505. 10.2174/1573413715666190325165613.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666190325165613[27] S. N. Tamilselvan and S. Shanmugan. (2024). "Towards sustainable solar cells: unveiling the latest developments in bio-nano materials for enhanced DSSC efficiency". Clean Energy. 8 (3): 238-257. 10.1093/ce/zkae031.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkae031[28] P. O. Oladoye, M. Kadhom, I. Khan, K. H. Hama Aziz, and Y. A. Alli. (2024). "Advancements in adsorption and photodegradation technologies for Rhodamine B dye wastewater treatment: fundamentals, applications, and future directions". Green Chemical Engineering. 5 (4): 440-460. 10.1016/j.gce.2023.12.004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gce.2023.12.004[29] H. Hardani, M. R. Harahap, and A. Suhada. (2022). "Ruthenium (N719) Optimization to Improve Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Efficiency". International Journal of Thin Film Science and Technology. 11 (1): 47-53. 10.18576/ijtfst/110106.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18576/ijtfst/110106[30] M. H. Tang, P. Chakthranont, and T. F. Jaramillo. (2017). "Top-down fabrication of fluorine-doped tin oxide nanopillar substrates for solar water splitting". RSC Advances. 7 (45): 28350-28357. 10.1039/c7ra02937c.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA02937C[31] S. Saehana, A. Izzah, A. J. Palamba, D. Darsikin, and N. F. A. Rahman. (2023). "Fabrication of Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide (FTO): From experiment to its application in physics learning". Momentum: Physics Education Journal. 7 (2): 259-268. 10.21067/mpej.v7i2.8438.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21067/mpej.v7i2.8438[32] A. C. Klemz, S. E. Weschenfelder, S. Lima de Carvalho Neto, M. S. Pascoal Damas, J. C. Toledo Viviani, L. P. Mazur, B. A. Marinho, L. d. S. Pereira, A. da Silva, J. A. Borges Valle, A. A. U. de Souza, and S. M. A. Guelli U. de Souza. (2021). "Oilfield produced water treatment by liquid-liquid extraction: A review". Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 199. 10.1016/j.petrol.2020.108282.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.108282[33] J. Wang, Z. Pang, F. Jin, and M. Ge. (2021). "Precipitation method to prepare conductive F-doped SnO2-coated rutile TiO2 whisker and its application in coating". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 32 (15): 20583-20597. 10.1007/s10854-021-06569-z.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06569-z[34] J. Ye, X. Zhang, S. Yuan, Y. Zhang, J. Cao, W. Teng, and Y. Wang. (2024). "An Investigation of Volatile Flavor Compounds and Lipolysis-Oxidation in Coppa as Affected by the Inoculation of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus during the Air-Drying Stage". Foods. 13 (17). 10.3390/foods13172723.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172723[35] H. Hardani, H. Hendra, M. I. Darmawan, C. Cari, and A. Supriyanto. (2017). "Fabrication of dye natural as a photosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC)". Journal of Physics: Theories and Applications. 1 (1). 10.20961/jphystheor-appl.v1i1.4704.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/jphystheor-appl.v1i1.4704[36] H. Hardani, A. Hidayatulloh, and L. M. A. (2018). "The Efficiency Of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (Dssc) Improvement As A Light Party Tio2-Nano Particle With Extract Pigment Mangostana Peel (Garcinia Mangostana) With Various Solvents". Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan. 7 (2): 142-148. 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.14488.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v7i2.14488[37] M. Hagos, M. Redi-Abshiro, B. S. Chandravanshi, and E. E. Yaya. (2022). "Development of Analytical Methods for Determination of beta-carotene in Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) Flesh, Peel, and Seed Powder Samples". International Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2022: 9363692. 10.1155/2022/9363692.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9363692[38] H. Darmaja, H. Hardani, M. I. Darmawan, C. Cari, and A. Supriyanto. (2014). "Pembuatan Prototipe Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) Berbasis Nanopori TiO2 Memanfaatkan Ekstraksi Antosianin Kol Merah (Brassica Oleracea Var)". Mathematics and Sciences Forum.
[39] R. A. Pratiwi and A. B. D. Nandiyanto. (2022). "How to Read and Interpret UV-VIS Spectrophotometric Results in Determining the Structure of Chemical Compounds". Indonesian Journal of Educational Research and Technology. 2 (1): 1-20. 10.17509/ijert.v2i1.35171.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/ijert.v2i1.35171[40] M. Picollo, M. Aceto, and T. Vitorino. (2019). "UV-Vis spectroscopy". Physical Sciences Reviews. 4 (4). 10.1515/psr-2018-0008.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2018-0008[41] Z. Zurweni and A. Sanova. (2023). "Development of UV-VIS Spectrophotometer Virtual Laboratory Media for Instrumental Analytical Chemistry Digital Practicum". Formatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan MIPA. 13 (1). 10.30998/formatif.v13i1.17069.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30998/formatif.v13i1.17069[42] S. A. Badawy, E. Abdel-Latif, and M. R. Elmorsy. (2024). "Tandem dye-sensitized solar cells achieve 12.89% efficiency using novel organic sensitizers". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 26072. 10.1038/s41598-024-75959-0.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75959-0[43] T. H. Meen, C. J. Huang, S. M. Chao, J. K. Tsai, W. Water, W. R. Chen, Y. S. Liu, and L. W. Ji. (2011). "Applications of vertically oriented TiO2 micro-pillars array on the electrode of dye-sensitized solar cell". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 72 (6): 653-656. 10.1016/j.jpcs.2011.02.008.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2011.02.008[44] W. van Bommel. (2023). In: "Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology, ch. Chapter 126". 865-872. 10.1007/978-3-030-89862-5_126.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89862-5_126[45] A. Sacco. (2017). "Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: Fundamentals and application in dye-sensitized solar cells". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 79: 814-829. 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.159.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.159[46] K. Zhao, Q. Liu, L. Yao, C. Deger, J. Shen, X. Zhang, P. Shi, Y. Tian, Y. Luo, J. Xu, J. Zhou, D. Jin, S. Wang, W. Fan, S. Zhang, S. Chu, X. Wang, L. Tian, R. Liu, L. Zhang, I. Yavuz, H. F. Wang, D. Yang, R. Wang, and J. Xue. (2024). "Peri-fused polyaromatic molecular contacts for perovskite solar cells". Nature. 632 (8024): 301-306. 10.1038/s41586-024-07712-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07712-6[47] Deepak, S. Srivastava, and C. S. Malvi. (2020). "Light sources selection for solar simulators: A review". WEENTECH Proceedings in Energy. 28-46. 10.32438/wpe.060257.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32438/WPE.060257[48] X. Ma, S. Bader, and B. Oelmann. (2017). "Characterization of Indoor Light Conditions by Light Source Classification". IEEE Sensors Journal. 17 (12): 3884-3891. 10.1109/jsen.2017.2699330.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2017.2699330[49] L. Mauri, A. Colombo, C. Dragonetti, F. Fagnani, and D. Roberto. (2022). "Iridium and Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Perylene Ligands". Molecules. 27 (22). 10.3390/molecules27227928.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227928[50] A. Sharmin, L. Salassa, E. Rosenberg, J. B. Ross, G. Abbott, L. Black, M. Terwilliger, and R. Brooks. (2013). "Photophysical studies of bioconjugated ruthenium metal-ligand complexes incorporated in phospholipid membrane bilayers". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (19): 10835-45. 10.1021/ic400706u.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ic400706u[51] S. Saehana, Darsikin, Muslimin, and Nasar. (2018). "Small Scale DSSC Panels Design and Its Performance". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1093. 10.1088/1742-6596/1093/1/012034.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1093/1/012034[52] C. G. Wu. (2022). "Ruthenium‐based complex dyes for dye‐sensitized solar cells". Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society. 69 (8): 1242-1252. 10.1002/jccs.202200225.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.202200225[53] A. Zdyb and E. Krawczak. (2021). "Organic Dyes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Featuring Back Reflector". Energies. 14 (17). 10.3390/en14175529.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175529